Joint doctoral studies are compulsory: students must earn at least 20 ECTS for this module, mostly according to the curriculum of the University’s Doctoral School or by attending the courses offered by the doctoral programmes of the School of Social Sciences and Humanities. Doctoral students in History are required to take the courses entitled ‘Research Ethics’ and ‘Philosophy of Science’.The remainder (10-20 ECTS) consists of optional studies that students and their supervisors agree the student should take.